This is really a burning question right now since every space program is now focusing on building the possible habitat on Mars. We also try to look into this question and we will see what are possible difficulties or opportunities in this regard.
Let's first know some facts about the Mars.
Mars is the 4th planet in our solar system. Mars is about half size of Earth with the radius of 3390Km. It takes 669.6 solar days which are equal to 687 earth days. It is inclined 25 degrees to it's own axis. It also has two moons named Phobos and Deimos.
This is the general information about mars. But we have to consider it's atmosphere for life to sustain there. You may have a question in your mind why do we have to consider atmosphere of a certain planet? Well, the answer of this question is actually atmosphere is one of the factor that we considered for habitat because if atmosphere of certain palnet contains enough amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide, it helps living oranisms to sustain in that environment. Obviously it depends on it's constitution. Earth's has perfect balance of all the gases required of life to fluorish. Now let's consider Mar's atmosphere.
Mars has very thin atmosphere mostly made up of cardbon dioxide, minor amount of nitrogen gases and argon gases. The temperature on Mars is as high as 20 degree celcius and as low as -153 degree celcius. Since it has very thin atmosphere it doen's provide any protection from harmful rays from Sun also it's heat can easily escapes the planet. Some water vapors are also present in the atmosphere of Mars.
Mars surface if rockey and cold. Mars looks reddish because of the oxidation of the iron rocks, regolith and dust on the surface. There no liquid water present on mars but the traces of water present on the planet however, Ice caps are there aorund the polar region of Planet.
If we consider these factors we may feel it's impossible to habitat on Mars. But let's see some technological developements which may helpful to habitat on Mars.
Shelters:
Homes on Mars should withsatnd with high level of radiation, temperature fluctuations, lack of oxygen and other conditions also else we can also live undergraound of the mars surface.
Food:
We can't grow food on land on Mars as we do on Earth. The crops need to be grown without the soil such as tankfarming or aquaculture, where crops will be planted in nutrient rich water and fed with artificial light.
Air:
Humans need oxygen to servive. Mars has only 0.13 percent of oxygen in it's atmosphere. So we need to convery CO2 into oxygent. NASA carried out the experiment with MOXIE , that would convert the CO2 into oxygen on mars.
So these are main challenges to habitat on Mars but there are some other challenges also like mars has lot of dust storms and high level of radiation also it has less gravity, so we have to consider all of these factors. But it's not impossible at all.
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